9/13/2023 0 Comments Dalai lama religion grew outAP Photo/Ashwini Bhatia Future optionsīecause of the threat from China, the 14th Dalai Lama has made a number of statements that would make it difficult for a Chinese appointed 15th Dalai Lama to be seen as legitimate.įor example, he has stated that the institution of the Dalai Lama might not be needed any more. But it is important to Tibetan Buddhists that they are in charge of the selection process.Įxiled Tibetans listen to their spiritual leader the Dalai Lama, at the Tsuglakhang temple in Dharmsala, India. The Chinese government appointed their own Panchen Lama.Ĭhina also wants to appoint its own Dalai Lama. In 1995, the Chinese government caused the disappearance of the Dalai Lama’s choice for the successor of the Panchen Lama, the second most important tulku lineage in Tibetan Buddhism, when he was 6 years old. China’s threats to manipulate the selection process is believed to be a way to impose control on the Tibetan people. The Dalai Lama is revered by Tibetan people and his exile has created anger inside Tibet. The Dalai Lama fled in 1959 and set up a government in exile. In 1950 China’s communist government invaded Tibet. Today the selection process for the next Dalai Lama remains uncertain. He was able to correctly choose all items including a drum used for rituals and walking stick. After this meeting, the search party came back again to test the young boy with further objects of the previous Dalai Lama. These beads were previously owned by the 13th Dalai Lama. The search party did not show who they were to the villagers, to prevent any manipulation of the process.Īs a little boy, he remembers asking for the rosary beads the monk wore around his neck. The 14th Dalai Lama recounts in his memoirs about his early life that he remembered recognizing one of the monks in the search party, even though he was dressed as a servant. Dalai Lama memoirsĪn undated photo of the future Dalai Lama of Tibetan Buddhism, born Lhamo Dhondrub on July 6, 1935. When the search party, consisting of the 13th Dalai Lama’s closest monastic attendants, arrived at his house, there were immediate signs that this was the one they were looking for. A 2-year-old boy, named Lhamo Dhondup, was just the right age for a reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama, based on the time of his death. The district of Dokham, which is in the northeast of Tibet, matched all of these signs. This was interpreted to mean that the next Dalai Lama could have been born somewhere in the northeastern part of Tibet.ĭisciples also checked Lhamoi Latso, a lake that is traditionally used to see visions of the location of the Dalai Lama’s rebirth. However, after a few days his head had tilted to the east, and a fungus, which was viewed as unusual, appeared on the northeastern side of the shrine containing the body. ![]() In the case of the 13th Dalai Lama, after his death, his body lay facing south. There are usually predictions about where and when a Dalai Lama will be reborn, but further tests and signs are required to ensure the proper child is found. Disciples closest to the Dalai Lama set to identify signs indicating the location of his rebirth. The search for him began soon after the 13th Dalai Lama died. The current Dalai Lama was enthroned when he was 4 ½ years old and renamed Tenzin Gyatso. Tibetan Buddhism has hundreds, if not thousands of such lineages, but the most respected and well-known is the Dalai Lama. Tibetan Buddhism has developed this idea of the bodhisattva further into identified lineages of rebirths called “tulkus.” Any person who is believed to be a rebirth of a previous teacher, master, or leader, is considered a tulku. East Asian and Tibetan Buddhists, as part of the Mahayana sect, believe bodhisattvas have reached this highest realization.įurthermore, Mahayana Buddhists believe bodhisattvas choose to be reborn, to experience the pain and suffering of the world, in order to help other beings attain enlightenment. The 14 generations of Dalai Lamas, spanning six centuries, are linked through their acts of compassion.įor Buddhists, the ultimate goal is enlightenment, or “nirvana” – a liberation from the cycle of birth and death. The Dalai Lama is a highly influential figure.Īll of the Dalai Lamas are thought to be manifestations of the bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokitesvara. ![]() The Dalai Lama’s succession today is not just a religious issue, but a political one as well.
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9/13/2023 0 Comments Arch back![]() If your cat arches their back during a petting session, then chances are you have found their ‘sweet spot’ and the ‘cat with arched back’ pose is a natural response to feeling pleasure and contentment. The result is a distinct arched back and a sense that your cat is trying to make themselves look bigger, ready to see off any danger. We humans feel a similar fear response when the hairs stand up on our arms or back of the neck. Another clear sign that this is a fear response will be something called ‘piloerection’, which sees the fur on their back, shoulders, ears and tail raised, as their muscles contract. This can lead to that classic ‘Halloween’ pose, and the display is clearly one of fear and anxiety as it can often be accompanied by hissing or spitting. They Are Responding to DangerĪn arched back can also be your cat’s fear response, when she senses danger or harm. With their muscles now limbered up, your kit should then simply walk away as normal. Cats will typically start with the exaggerated back arch, then step forward, as they extend out their back as well as their paws and hind legs. Watch the stages of the stretch and you’ll know whether this is the reason for the back arch. Just like humans, who will stretch out when we first wake up in the morning, cats will usually arch their back to stretch following a nap or longer sleep. In many cases, that arch pose is a sign that your feline is having a good old stretch. Here are the main answers to the question of why cats arch their back. Whether it is a sign of pleasure, contentment or stress, there’s always a reason behind your cat’s arched back. Reasons Why Your Cat is Arching Their Back To help you get to the bottom of your cat’s contortionist behaviors we ask: what does a cat’s arched back really mean? And understanding the body language behind such a position will help you to respond in the right way. But just why does your kit stretch out in such an exaggerated way? And is it a good thing or it is a sign that something is not quite right?Ĭats are renowned for their agility and the vertebrae in their spines are incredibly flexible, meaning they can arch into quite an extreme pose. ![]() The arched back of a black cat is an iconic Halloween image but if you are a cat owner, you know it is not just a scary pose but something your own pet is prone to do. 9/13/2023 0 Comments Lumen 5 dashboard not loading![]() If you are redirecting to a route with an "ID" parameter that is being populated from an Eloquent model, you may simply pass the model itself. The most basic response is simply returning a string from a route or controller: $router->get('/', function () Lumen provides several different ways to return responses. # Redirect Trailing Slashes If Not A Folder.Of course, all routes and controllers should return some kind of response to be sent back to the user's browser. # Apache seems to discard the Authorization header if it is not a You can access the Workspaces page from your Lumen5 Dashboard by cli Few readers Renaming a project To rename a project, click into the project on the left sidebar. 571 1 4 10 Can you post your config/logging. Please, What do I have to do to get this to work? env file and add your database configurations. Open up the project (auth-app) in your preferred editor. Troubleshooting login problems clear your browser cache, history, and cookies try using a different type of browser update the browser version youre using. | Verb | Path | NamedRoute | Controller | Action | Middleware | Run the app php -S localhost:8000 -t public Load localhost:8000 on your browsers address bar and it should render a result as shown below. Lastly, when I run php artisan route:list all I see is the following. # vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf". ![]() # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only # include a line for only one particular virtual host. is an American telecommunications company headquartered in Monroe, Louisiana, that offers communications, network services, security, cloud solutions, voice, and managed services. # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to Lumen User reports indicate no current problems at Lumen Lumen Technologies, Inc. Write and run PHP instantly without refreshing your browser or uploading the files to a web server. Visit Ariba Buyer to use your procurement or. # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are Use these links for quick access to SAP Ariba apps for registered buyers, suppliers, and partners. # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particularĬustomLog $/access.log combined # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly. # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless. For the default virtual host (this file) this # specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to growth in our understanding of the underlying biological problems. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName However, brachytherapy is not used as commonly as XRT because only a few clinical. # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that While trying to resolve 2763 we concluded we can improve how we load public dashboards and decided to lazily load maps as the user scrolls down the dashboards. Adding Require all granted and AllowOverride All to the Directory directive in my conf files Any help is appreciated as Lumen is not as deeply documented as Laravel 5 and a lot more difficult to work with until you are very familiar with its design.Enable Module rewrite by running a2enmod rewrite.Here are some things That I have done from reading other posts. 1080p video: 4Mbps 720p video: 2.5Mbps 480p video: 1.25Mbps Few readers Rendering your video When you're creating a video in Lumen5, it remains as a video draft until you click the Publish button. Please, I have deployed a Lumen application in a docker container, running Ubuntu and Apache 2.4 but all requests I make to the app returns a 404 except for the root. Bitrate: The bitrate for published videos depends on the resolution that the video is published in. 9/13/2023 0 Comments Money translator pesos to dollars![]() ğrank, R., 'INDICES, COTIZACIONES Y TASAS INTERNACIONALES EN EL LARGO PLAZO ', - Jacks, D, 2006, 'Japan 1885-1926', Excel file, Timmer, 2015, 'The Next Generation of the Penn World Table' forthcoming American Economic Review, available for download at -ğlandreau, M, and Zumer, F, 2004, The Making of Global Finance 1880–1913, OECD, Paris. ğeenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Ğitrheim, Ø, J T Klovland, and J F Qvigstad, 2004, Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway 1819–2003, Norges Banks skriftserie/Occasional Papers No. Sveriges Riksbank and Ekerlids, Stockholm. Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenström). ![]() Ğdvinsson, R, and Söderberg, J., 2010, 'The evolution of Swedish consumer prices 1290–2008', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 1277–2008 (eds. Ğdvinsson, R, 2010, 'Foreign exchange rates 1658-1803', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 1277–2008 (eds. Ğdvinsson, R, 2010, 'The multiple currencies of Sweden-Finland 1534-1803', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 1277–2008 (eds. Sveriges Riksbank and Ekerlids, Stockholm (2010). Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenström), 133-237. ěohlin, J, 'From appreciation to depreciation – the exchange rate of the Swedish krona, 1913–2008', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 1277–2008 (eds. ěank of Greece, Bulgarian National Bank, National Bank of Romania, Oesterreichische Nationalbank, 2014, 'South-Eastern European Monetary and Economic Statistics from the Nineteenth Century to World War II'. The data is complemented with sources from other countries (see list below). The comparison is based on data gathered within the project Historical monetary and financial statistics for Sweden. Please contact the author if you detect any errors (rodney.edvinsson ekohist.su.se) What is the equivalent of in year in the currency of in year ? Get your answer by clicking This is a test version and may therefore contain serious errors. Provided a country's purchasing power parity does not change much compared to Sweden, this should give a reasonable accounts of the worth of money over time also for other countries. How much could 10 french franc in 1898 buy in today's rupees? What was the worth of 1 billion German mark in 1923 or 1000 Polish zloty in 1980? Was an annual wage of 25 pounds per year in 1780 much compared to the wage rates at the time? To answer these questions the Historical Currency Converter uses a short-cut, by comparing the worth of various sums in various currencies in their purchasing power of Swedish consumer goods and the pay of workers in Sweden. Historical Currency Converter (test version 1.0) 9/13/2023 0 Comments Shortcut to shred day 15This is all in the name of focusing on endurance and power in order to draw the most power possible out of your muscles. It’s confusing stuff, and you’ll need to remember how much weight you’re capable of lifting for how long and constantly adjusting what you’re doing in the gym. For example, one week of your weightlifting you’ll be aiming for rep ranges of 9-12 for 3 days and then jumping to reps of 12-15 for the last 3 days, then two weeks later you’ll be down to 2-5 rep sets. This undulating periodization is why it’s so important to track everything. All it means, in this case, is constantly increasing, decreasing, and returning to previous rates of intensity throughout your 6 weeks. Undulating Periodization is one of those phrases that sound like complete nonsense without context. You don’t want to dwell on a single muscle group for too long and run the risk of overworking it early on and plateauing immediately. This is more about giving each area the proper amount of attention to ensure you’re working your full body. Jim Stoppani isn’t just throwing out an idea that sounds good on paper like “muscle confusion.” This program is based on loads of science. There are a couple of crucial distinctions. If you’re thinking this just sounds a little bit like CrossFit, stop right there. It’s easy to slip up and work in too many or too few sets of too much or too little weight. There are several changes to every aspect of your workout throughout the week, and each week is essentially different from the next. You need to be tracking the amount of weight you can handle, which day it is, and which week you’re on. You only get one true rest day, then it’s back to pounding the weights. 6 days a week is a lot of time to spend in the gym, and that’s part of why this program is recommended for intermediate to advanced gym-goers. This approach allows you to rest the muscle group you worked on last while you wear down the next one. You’ll be in the gym targeting different muscle groups each day. Let’s start from the basics and work our way up. That’s a lot of information to jam into your head all at once, and If that sounds clear as mud, don’t you fret, we’ll break it all down for you. ![]() It’s a 6-day split training program that aims to harness the process of hypertrophy through undulating linear and reverse periodization in a series of microcycles. The Shortcut to Shred program is an intermediate to advanced 6-week weight loss and track for building muscle designed by Jim Stoppani focused on burning body fat by keeping your heart rate up with “cardio accelerations” in between weightlifting sets. ![]() We’re going to dive deep into the mechanics of this program, and we’re going to see how other folks have fared while giving this a try. If you’re looking to get shredded quickly and you’re willing to work hard for it keep reading. The time in between sets becomes cardio, and your “off days” are just days when you’re lifting slightly less weight. Over the course of six weeks, you’re going to be in the gym almost every day of the week, tracking, adjusting, and exceeding your goals. The only shortcut in the Shortcut to Shred is the amount of time the program lasts. It’s not a magic muscle bullet that turns you into the Hulk by exposing you to muscle rays or anything like that. ![]() You’re not going to be substituting all of your protein with gummy bears, and lounging in the gym while everyone else is sweating their asses off. This isn’t just some breezy program that allows you to cut corners. There are no shortcuts to getting shredded. 9/13/2023 0 Comments Sock gag![]() "Aww what's the matter, Laine?" Stacey asked teasingly, becoming more and more dominant by the second. Laine's eyes widened as the tied redhead struggled to get away from Stacey's sweaty socked feet, now the only thing she could smell. She then placed one of her dark blue socked foot over Laine's mouth and placed the other over her nose, making her smell it. Now girls like you need to be punished and I have just the idea for how to!" Stacey said as she put her sneakers aside. "I'm sooo glad gym was our last class of the day. "What the hell are you doing?" Laine asked as Stacey tugged off her shoes. " Stacey said as she untied her own sneakers. I have already heard what you do to girls and I saw you! Shut up, it'll make this easier. "Come on, please just untie me and let's talk this out." I would never do anything to you!" Stacey took out another coil of rope, removed Laine's cleats and tied her feet together. "Fall for what?" She asked, as she struggled on the locker room floor. She began to tie Laine's hands above her head. "I'm not falling for it, Laine." Stacey said as she got out the rope from Laine's bag. "Stacey? What the hell are you doing?" Laine asked, surprised and shocked. The second she turned her back towards Stacey, the teenage soccer star quickly sprinted up behind her and wrestled her to the floor, pinning her arms down. Lacey stuffed her bondage supplies back into her bag and stood up. Stacey planned something out but she knew she needed to be quick about it, otherwise she would end up at the redhead's mercy. 'Stacey doesn't even know! Oh that girl is mine, she'll be bound and gagged in no time." Laine happily thought to herself. She then saw Laine open up her bag and pulled out lengths of rope and a roll of duct tape. Stacey peeked around a locker and saw that Laine was the only one left and was finishing putting on her left cleat. "You better do something, Stacey, before we all fall victim to her." Dawn waved and left the locker room, hoping that Laine wouldn't see her leave. "What? That's terrible." Stacey whispered. And don't get me started on the rumors about her feet torture." She removed her hand from Stacey's mouth. "Once Laine befriends you, she'll tie and gag you whenever chance she gets. She made a muffled questioning noise through her hand. The student cupped her hand over Stacey's mouth and handgagged her. "That new girl? There are rumors that she pretends to befriend female students and when they least expect it, she ties them up, gags them and tortures them." "Stace, don't talk to that girl," Dawn, a fellow 15 year old soccer player with long brown hair and black eyes, whispered. But before Stacey could leave the locker room, a hand grabbed her wrist and pulled her aside, being hidden from view from the other students and Laine. "Ok, be right there!" Stacey said as she watched Laine return to her locker. "Hold on, let me just get my stuff so we can leave the school together" Laine said. "Ok, that sounds good" she said enthusiastically. "We'll even play soccer outside so you can be as good as I am!" "Hey listen, since it's Friday tomorrow, wanna hang out immediately after school?" Laine asked. ![]() "I've been playing for a long time" Stacey said with a smile. "I didn't you you were a good soccer player" she commented. You're the new girl, right? Just enrolled here about a week ago?" "Stacey." she answered as the two looked at each other. "My name is Laine, what's yours?" She asked. She was wearing a t-shirt, shorts, and black socks. ![]() Stacey turned around and saw a teen girl, probably 14 or 15, with fair skin, long red hair tied in a ponytail, and green eyes. While Stacey pulled her bag out of her locker, she felt a hand tap her shoulder. Gym class was over and all the female students were getting ready to go home. She was wearing a white shirt, black shorts, dark blue socks, and black sneakers with white laces. Stacey is a 15 year old girl with fair skin, flowing blonde hair hair, and blue eyes. When a new girl comes to the school and is heavily involved in bondage and feet smelling, let's just say some of the girls take quickly to it. Prologue: This story takes place at a high school somewhere in the northeast and will involve quite a few characters but for these two parts, there are just three and they'll be described in the story, with photos of their inspiration linked and more will follow as more are introduced. 9/13/2023 0 Comments Blue patina brass covered steele![]() The metal surface should be degreased with solvent. In any case, the sulfide solution employed should be fairly dilute, since concentrated solutions can result in a brittle film which may be non-adherent. The desirable contrast in colour can be produced by scratch brushing with a pumice paste, or by use of a “greaseless” polishing compound on a buffing wheel. Modifications of these formulas called for the use of sodium, potassium, barium, and ammonium sulfides, which were claimed to produce different shades, but almost all sulfide colours are now produced from solutions of polysulfides which are sold in concentrated form under a number of trade names, usually called “oxidizing liquid.”Īll sulfide films require wet or dry scratch brushing for good appearance and will look better longer if protected by oiling, waxing or, more permanently, by a good top coat of clear lacquer. ![]() Originally liver of sulfur was employed, this being a crude mixture of potassium polysulfides and thiosulfate, also called potassium sulfuret. The use of chemical solutions is generally termed “oxidizing,” although the oldest method and the one which produces the widest range of brown to black stages on copper alloys actually produces not an oxide but a metal sulfide finish by the use of alkaline sulfide solutions. In conversion coatings, the metal surface is either converted into a protective film, usually, an oxide or sulfide of the metal involved, or a compound is precipitated which forms a surface film. ![]() Statuary finishes are conversion coatings. This datasheet presents the technology which underlies the craftsmanship and art involved in producing these coloured finishes. Chemical colouring techniques depend upon time, temperature, surface preparation, the mineral content of the water, humidity and other variables which influence the ultimate result. The wide range of colours and shades which may be achieved are largely a matter of craftsmanship and experience. While the chemical solutions described are those generally accepted in the metal finishing trade, many variations exist. This data sheet outlines procedures and formulations for producing both. The most common colours to be produced are referred to as brown or statuary finishes for bronze and green or patina finish for copper. While these metals may be used in their natural colour, as fabricated, it is sometimes desirable to chemically colour pure copper (C11000*), commercial bronze (C22000), architectural bronze (C38500) or other alloys referred to as “bronze” in architectural parlance. Table of ContentsĬopper and copper alloys are widely used in architectural applications to take advantage of their inherent range of colours. This Data Sheet for Applying Statuary and Patina Finish to Copper is published by the Copper Development Association and has been provided by Austral Wright Metals. 9/13/2023 0 Comments Cubase 11 pro for macUsers have the option to upgrade their features as they progress in their music production requirements. The Cubase comes in three versions that accommodate the complexity of users’ needs with various features and budgets. A year later, Cubase became available for Apple Macintosh and established Steinberg’s cross-platform compatibility and eminence in the DAW niche.Ĭubase remains one of the top-rated DAW systems globally and maintains a growing base while keeping its loyal fanbase. The original Cubase has its origins in 1989 as a MIDI sequencer that ran on the Atari ST computer. Steinberg Cubase is a DAW created for creating music and Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) recording, arranging, and editing. You may use multiple plugins in layers to create distinctive sounds and automated to manipulate original sound sources.įor more information, check out this article on the best DAW for recording vocals. ![]() Each plugin can generate and manipulate sound, tone, pitch, and sound speed and transform the sound into something different. The DAW provides the means for musicians, singer-songwriters, film production companies, and podcasters to produce complex recorded audio.ĭAWs offer a wide variety of software plugins to expand the variety of sounds and manipulations in audio production and editing. Modern DAWs have a central interface where users may alter and mix multiple recordings into a final produced piece. Allows You to Control the Logic Profile RemotelyĪ digital audio workstation or DAW is a device or application software used to produce, edit, or record audio files for music, film, and television.Well Known for Its Steep Learning Curve.Extensive Tools for Multimeter Analysis. ![]() The Industry Standard for MIDI Sequencing and Arranging. 9/13/2023 0 Comments Defcon one warThis concludes this report of the DEFCON Warning System. Additional updates will be made as the situation warrants, with more frequent updates at higher alert levels. Note that Twitter updates may be subject to delays. Official news sources will have radiation readings for your area.įor immediate updates, go to Breaking news and important information can be found on the DEFCON Warning System community forum and on the DEFCON Twitter feed You may also subscribe to the DEFCON Warning System mailing list. If this had been an actual attack, the DEFCON Warning System will give radiation readings for areas that are reported to it. At all times, citizens are urged to learn what steps to take in the event of a nuclear attack. The public should make their own evaluations and not rely on the DEFCON Warning System for any strategic planning. It is not affiliated with any government agency and does not represent the alert status of any military branch. The DEFCON Warning System is a private intelligence organization which has monitored and assessed nuclear threats by national entities since 1984. Additionally, the United States has ended arms control talks with Russia. Additionally, NATO has officially activated its High Readiness Task Force. NATO has issued more sanctions on Russia in retaliation for invasion of Ukraine and sends more reinforcements to NATO allies. We therefore judge the prospect of nuclear action as “possible”. While there is no reasonable fear of further escalation, Russia is not behaving reasonably. The 7 LERTCONs are broken down into 5 Defense Conditions (DEFCONs) and 2 Emergency Conditions (EMERGCONs). ![]() You play a General hidden deep within an underground bunker. USA C3I Join FAS DEFCON DEFense CONdition In the event of a national emergency, a series of seven different alert Conditions (LERTCONs) can be called. This is why Russia is taking such postures. Inspired by the 1983 cult classic film, Wargames, DEFCON superbly evokes the tension, paranoia and suspicion of the Cold War era, playing on the fascinating aspects of psychological gameplay that occur during strategic nuclear warfare. Additionally, Russia fears the possibility of invasion, and this fear is leading to paranoia. Russia feels the West is weak and will capitulate if enough force is used. It is not entirely impossible that he will react outside the realm of reasonableness. Russia’s president Putin has displayed an unusual aggressiveness as of late. Russia has raised the alert level of its nuclear forces, citing aggressive statements by NATO and the imposed sanctions as the reason for the higher posture. There are currently no imminent nuclear threats at this time, however the situation is considered fluid and can change rapidly. 9/13/2023 0 Comments Small airplane cockpit![]() Most cockpit instruments were still analog, but cathode ray tube (CRT) displays were to be used for the attitude indicator and horizontal situation indicator (HSI). The Boeing 2707 was one of the earliest commercial aircraft designed with a glass cockpit. The increasing complexity of transport aircraft, the advent of digital systems and the growing air traffic congestion around airports began to change that. Also, computer technology was not at a level where sufficiently light and powerful electronics were available. ![]() Prior to the 1970s, air transport operations were not considered sufficiently demanding to require advanced equipment like electronic flight displays. Glass cockpits originated in military aircraft in the late 1960s and early 1970s an early example is the Mark II avionics of the F-111D (first ordered in 1967, delivered from 1970–73), which featured a multi-function display. While glass cockpit-equipped aircraft throughout the late 20th century still retained analog altimeters, attitude, and airspeed indicators as standby instruments in case the EFIS displays failed, more modern aircraft have increasingly been using digital standby instruments as well, such as the integrated standby instrument system. Later glass cockpits, found in the Boeing 737NG, 747-400, 767-400, 777, Airbus A320, later Airbuses, Ilyushin Il-96 and Tupolev Tu-204 have completely replaced the mechanical gauges and warning lights in previous generations of aircraft. The Boeing 757 and 767-200/-300 introduced an electronic engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) for monitoring engine performance while retaining mechanical gauges for airspeed, altitude and vertical speed. GPS receivers are usually integrated into glass cockpits.Įarly glass cockpits, found in the McDonnell Douglas MD-80, Boeing 737 Classic, ATR 42, ATR 72 and in the Airbus A300-600 and A310, used electronic flight instrument systems (EFIS) to display attitude and navigational information only, with traditional mechanical gauges retained for airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, and engine performance. Traditional gyroscopic flight instruments have been replaced by electronic attitude and heading reference systems (AHRS) and air data computers (ADCs), improving reliability and reducing cost and maintenance. ![]() In recent years the technology has also become widely available in small aircraft.Īs aircraft displays have modernized, the sensors that feed them have modernized as well. They are also popular with airline companies as they usually eliminate the need for a flight engineer, saving costs. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows pilots to focus only on the most pertinent information. While a traditional cockpit relies on numerous mechanical gauges (nicknamed "steam gauges") to display information, a glass cockpit uses several multi-function displays driven by flight management systems, that can be adjusted to display flight information as needed. The Airbus A380 glass cockpit featuring "pull out keyboards and two wide computer screens on the sides for pilots" Ī glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic (digital) flight instrument displays, typically large LCD screens, rather than the traditional style of analog dials and gauges. |
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